Ample for man?
Sep. 9th, 2006 11:22 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
imomusLast week I was showing a Japanese friend around Berlin (the standard Momasu-no Berlin Tour, prices on application). Our itinerary took in the cafes of Prenzlauerberg and Friedrichshain, a couple of theatres, and, inevitably, the Ampelmann store in Mitte's Hackescher Hof.
Ampelmann is the name given to the green pedestrian crossing signal seen all over former Eastern German cities. He was designed in 1961 by a "traffic psychologist" called Karl Peglau. Wikipedia tells us that Peglau "theorised that people would respond better to the traffic signals if they were presented by a friendly character, instead of meaningless coloured lights. The spring in his step is reminiscent of typical communist imagery of the enthusiastic worker advancing to an utopian socialist future. However, Peglau is said to have feared initially that the design might be rejected because of its 'bourgeois' hat."
The Ampelmann store is a typical tourist joint, selling every imaginable kind of crossing signal souvenir, and tapping into ostalgie, the particularly German form of nostalgia for communism. One thing the shop is somewhat light on, though, is information. I found myself wondering whether pedestrian crossing times ("clearance intervals" in the transport planning jargon) were longer under communism. I'd imagine they were, and not just because there was less traffic in those days.
It's always seemed to me that a society's respect for humanity might be better measured by the length of its pedestrian crossing signals than by any number of abstract declarations of support for "universal human rights". Cars are the closest thing we have in our society to predators, capable of picking off the weak; they're malevolent steel sharks or pumas, cruising our cities, hogging the head of the food chain.
I remember a visit to Chiang Mai, in Northern Thailand. It's a beautiful city, but one thing appalled me. The centre of the town is ringed by a road completely uncontrolled by traffic signals. Getting across this road is almost impossible. Cars zoom around it. You take your life in your hands every time you try. It also stinks of fumes. Such things leave an impression; the walking human counts for rather little here.
It seems to me that pedestrian crossing times have gone down during my lifetime. Crossing Berlin's Bismarckstrasse the other day, I noted that even if I started walking briskly immediately the signal turned to green, it turned red before I could reach the other side of the wide avenue. What's more, even these few precious seconds were not inviolable: on the second half of my journey I had to negotiate with traffic turning right through the signal. I saw a father lift his small son to his shoulders and run to make the journey in time. Old people needn't even have bothered trying. The question arises: is the Ampelmann giving us ample time?
The technical literature informs us that traffic planners assume a pedestrian speed of 4 feet per second. However, "research on pedestrian characteristics verify that over 60% of all pedestrians move slower than 4 ft/s and 15% walk at or below 3.5 ft/s".
Personally, I feel that cars simply shouldn't be allowed in city centres at all. If they are, they should ideally be underground. Failing that, bridge-style walkways or underpasses should be built at frequent intervals, like the ones in Japanese cities, and major traffic routes should be lifted to rooftop level, channelled along elevated freeways. It's still polluting and unpleasant (one such freeway mars Tokyo's Roppongi district), but it's better than putting cars and people together.
Failing all those measures (and schemes like London mayor Ken Livingstone's exemplary Congestion Charge for traffic entering the city centre), there should be more equity between traffic signals for cars and those for people. Car signals stay green up to ten times longer than foot traffic signals do. Pedestrians sometimes only get a cross signal when they "apply" for it by pressing a request button. It just seems that car traffic is seen as "economically rational" and "necessary", whereas foot traffic is somewhat dilettante, an afterthought, unimportant.
Often, in studies, only the motorist's convenience is taken into account. Manhattan traffic police admitted, for instance, that a barrier scheme to prevent pedestrians crossing 6th Avenue by forcing them to walk up the block to the next crossing point was deemed a success because it reduced traffic wait times. The extra time added to the pedestrian's journey wasn't even measured, though, and this despite the fact that 6 or 7 times more people were crossing town on foot at these locations than in cars.
That's a good example of how "creative accountancy" often cooks the books in the studies on which policy is based. One can imagine studies showing that longer traffic signals for motorized traffic would result in umpteen million dollar losses for the local economy, as efficiency slackened. Yet a counter-study could show that not only was quality of life raised by longer crossing times, and the tourist and leisure industry's takings enhanced, but that all the people run over in cities (Tokyo wards display the figures on every koban: 2 dead, 38 injured) are a huge waste of productive manpower, and therefore money.
My next Wired piece, running on Tuesday, plays with the concept of waste, something that also came up in the piezo electricity piece I wrote last month, which pondered the use of piezoelectric transducers "to harvest wasted energy in the foot strike of a human being".
Now, obviously the concept of "waste" there is a very flexible one. We only think of something as a waste if we can think up good ways of putting the forces generated to better use. That "thinking up" depends on how imaginative we are, and what our technology allows us to do at any given point. The concept of waste is, in a sense, "creative accountancy". It's something we create by seeing missed opportunities around us. Anti-car urban planners need to use the concept of waste as creatively as the pro-car planners do.
One thing's for sure. Like leprechauns at the bottom of the garden, shining little green men are a rare sight in our cities, and getting rarer. As a result, urban life is less than ample for man. We waste time standing on the kerb, and sometimes we waste entire lives. According to the World Health Organization, car accidents kill about 1.2 million people worldwide each year, and injure about fifty million. And if you factor in all the people killed by oil wars... well, that's a hell of a lot of waste.
Ampelmann is the name given to the green pedestrian crossing signal seen all over former Eastern German cities. He was designed in 1961 by a "traffic psychologist" called Karl Peglau. Wikipedia tells us that Peglau "theorised that people would respond better to the traffic signals if they were presented by a friendly character, instead of meaningless coloured lights. The spring in his step is reminiscent of typical communist imagery of the enthusiastic worker advancing to an utopian socialist future. However, Peglau is said to have feared initially that the design might be rejected because of its 'bourgeois' hat."The Ampelmann store is a typical tourist joint, selling every imaginable kind of crossing signal souvenir, and tapping into ostalgie, the particularly German form of nostalgia for communism. One thing the shop is somewhat light on, though, is information. I found myself wondering whether pedestrian crossing times ("clearance intervals" in the transport planning jargon) were longer under communism. I'd imagine they were, and not just because there was less traffic in those days.
It's always seemed to me that a society's respect for humanity might be better measured by the length of its pedestrian crossing signals than by any number of abstract declarations of support for "universal human rights". Cars are the closest thing we have in our society to predators, capable of picking off the weak; they're malevolent steel sharks or pumas, cruising our cities, hogging the head of the food chain.I remember a visit to Chiang Mai, in Northern Thailand. It's a beautiful city, but one thing appalled me. The centre of the town is ringed by a road completely uncontrolled by traffic signals. Getting across this road is almost impossible. Cars zoom around it. You take your life in your hands every time you try. It also stinks of fumes. Such things leave an impression; the walking human counts for rather little here.
It seems to me that pedestrian crossing times have gone down during my lifetime. Crossing Berlin's Bismarckstrasse the other day, I noted that even if I started walking briskly immediately the signal turned to green, it turned red before I could reach the other side of the wide avenue. What's more, even these few precious seconds were not inviolable: on the second half of my journey I had to negotiate with traffic turning right through the signal. I saw a father lift his small son to his shoulders and run to make the journey in time. Old people needn't even have bothered trying. The question arises: is the Ampelmann giving us ample time?
The technical literature informs us that traffic planners assume a pedestrian speed of 4 feet per second. However, "research on pedestrian characteristics verify that over 60% of all pedestrians move slower than 4 ft/s and 15% walk at or below 3.5 ft/s".
Personally, I feel that cars simply shouldn't be allowed in city centres at all. If they are, they should ideally be underground. Failing that, bridge-style walkways or underpasses should be built at frequent intervals, like the ones in Japanese cities, and major traffic routes should be lifted to rooftop level, channelled along elevated freeways. It's still polluting and unpleasant (one such freeway mars Tokyo's Roppongi district), but it's better than putting cars and people together.Failing all those measures (and schemes like London mayor Ken Livingstone's exemplary Congestion Charge for traffic entering the city centre), there should be more equity between traffic signals for cars and those for people. Car signals stay green up to ten times longer than foot traffic signals do. Pedestrians sometimes only get a cross signal when they "apply" for it by pressing a request button. It just seems that car traffic is seen as "economically rational" and "necessary", whereas foot traffic is somewhat dilettante, an afterthought, unimportant.
Often, in studies, only the motorist's convenience is taken into account. Manhattan traffic police admitted, for instance, that a barrier scheme to prevent pedestrians crossing 6th Avenue by forcing them to walk up the block to the next crossing point was deemed a success because it reduced traffic wait times. The extra time added to the pedestrian's journey wasn't even measured, though, and this despite the fact that 6 or 7 times more people were crossing town on foot at these locations than in cars.
That's a good example of how "creative accountancy" often cooks the books in the studies on which policy is based. One can imagine studies showing that longer traffic signals for motorized traffic would result in umpteen million dollar losses for the local economy, as efficiency slackened. Yet a counter-study could show that not only was quality of life raised by longer crossing times, and the tourist and leisure industry's takings enhanced, but that all the people run over in cities (Tokyo wards display the figures on every koban: 2 dead, 38 injured) are a huge waste of productive manpower, and therefore money. My next Wired piece, running on Tuesday, plays with the concept of waste, something that also came up in the piezo electricity piece I wrote last month, which pondered the use of piezoelectric transducers "to harvest wasted energy in the foot strike of a human being".
Now, obviously the concept of "waste" there is a very flexible one. We only think of something as a waste if we can think up good ways of putting the forces generated to better use. That "thinking up" depends on how imaginative we are, and what our technology allows us to do at any given point. The concept of waste is, in a sense, "creative accountancy". It's something we create by seeing missed opportunities around us. Anti-car urban planners need to use the concept of waste as creatively as the pro-car planners do.
One thing's for sure. Like leprechauns at the bottom of the garden, shining little green men are a rare sight in our cities, and getting rarer. As a result, urban life is less than ample for man. We waste time standing on the kerb, and sometimes we waste entire lives. According to the World Health Organization, car accidents kill about 1.2 million people worldwide each year, and injure about fifty million. And if you factor in all the people killed by oil wars... well, that's a hell of a lot of waste.![[identity profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/openid.png){kind=small}
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 09:57 am (UTC)Here in San Francisco, we pedestrians fight back! Rarr! Aggression! If the walking time is running out, too bad! We walk anyway. The cars can wait. If it's safe, we walk. It stinks of a lack of respect for social order but I say those people knew what was in for them when they drove their poison air machines into the middle of a city.
Come to San Francisco! There is so much walking joy. Walk, breathe in the misty air, slurp up the tapioca pearls, climb up the hills, see the SFMOMA...
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 10:18 am (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 10:31 am (UTC)In fact, we don't get off so easily even on the "Stasi Index". Did the Stasi have as many video cameras as the UK now has, reading every car number plate that enters London? Did the Stasi have internet searches stored until 2038, or biometric ID and passports?
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 10:33 am (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 10:38 am (UTC)THE LATEST STORY: COULD CHILD MOLESTERS GET DRIVER'S LICENSES? NEWS AT 11.
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 10:51 am (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 11:00 am (UTC)Don't get me wrong; I agree with you that pedestrian-hostile urban design is anti-human, and support things like the Congestion Charge and increased public transport 100%. I just think that freedom of speech and association (especially when one of the options is egregious abuse) are more significant indicators of a society's respect for humanity. The DDR respected humanity — but only as long as it took an obedient, compliant and unquestioning form. This is not good enough.
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 11:04 am (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 12:06 pm (UTC)i don't know about stasi stuff (pretty terrible and destructive to social & family life), but really with all the talk of "people out to kill us" and terrorists and anthrax or whatever these days, really the things that are more likely to kill you are everyday (yet man-made) things. like chemicals from industrial agriculture, or getting hit by a car, or unfitness and depression from sitting at a desk all day.
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 12:08 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 12:31 pm (UTC)--Joshua
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 12:37 pm (UTC)The campaign for it was a movie, or commercial of sort, with the pedestrains being compared to Zebras and the Car drivers being compared to Lions.
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 02:29 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 03:32 pm (UTC)besonders
Date: 2006-09-09 03:44 pm (UTC)Not if you take into account the people driving the cars. Under capitalism, they tend to be the possessors of the lion's share of the capital. And if you look at the New York Times breakdown (http://www.nytimes.com/ref/washington/2006ELECTIONGUIDE.html?currentDataSet=senANALYSIS) of the upcoming congressional elections in the US, in all cases where the Republicans have a chance of winning, they usually have more than twice as much campaign funding as their Democratic opponents. It's heartening to note, though, that even though they're hemorrhaging their oil money into the Ohio and Missouri Senate races, they're still losing in the polls.
(Incidentally, I donated some money to the Ohio Democratic Senate candidate yesterday. Although I don't live in Ohio, It's still unclear whether the Democrats will gain control of Congress in November, so any interested should do the same (https://pol.moveon.org/give/keyraces1.html?id=8700-7216514-4wQVDjbBak387vHpmPiiJw&t=2). Aside from just increasing the blue portion of the carpet in Washington, he seems to be a fairly progressive politician.)
A major problem with the dependence on cars is that in most towns & regions that have experienced most of their growth since the automobile was invented, the newly inhabited areas are laid out with the presumption of vehicle ownership. (And since population grows exponentially, most places in the 20th century other than the hearts of cities suffered under Fibonacci.) In my town, if I need to go grocery shopping, it would be dangerous to try to get to the store on my bicycle. With the amount of drunk driving that goes on in a college town, I'd likely be crushed to death underneath someone's overturned Hummer. So I have to have a car, even though I hate buying fuel for it, I hate paying to have it fixed when it breaks, and driving has lost all novelty for me. On the other hand, when I need to go to school, I can take my bicycle, because the road leading to the campus is a newer one. It has bike lanes. Maybe people are coming around again.
And speaking of traffic casualties, if you look at Mydeathspace.com (http://mydeathspace.com/deaths.aspx) (easier to parse the rss feed (http://mydeathspace.com/rss.aspx)), most of the MySpace husks left by the dead belong to victims of car accidents, and frequently auto-pedestrian accidents. At least, that was the trend until recently. I think they started filtering them out because for the purposes of the voyeur, car accidents are boring.
Re: besonders
Date: 2006-09-09 03:48 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 04:32 pm (UTC)I'm on vacation. (http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v250/lord_whimsy/Whimsy/d0313ae3.jpg)
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 06:03 pm (UTC)When I visit Europe I like seeing old signs with graphic elements.
Two of my favorites from Spain:
With this one though, if you couldn't read Spanish, you might think it meant beware of mad scientist.
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 06:52 pm (UTC)Boston has been trying to put cars underground with the Big Dig. I wonder what social impacts will come from that.
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 07:03 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 07:29 pm (UTC)When you can google statistics and societal good to your aid, without getting to be "too creative", you're 100 times the blogger marxy is. The rest of the time you tell us about japan.
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 07:57 pm (UTC)strawberry kazoo
Date: 2006-09-09 08:10 pm (UTC)Where are the sampled operatic whoo hoos on The Birdcatcher from, priceless,
Ex- coprophile. Ex-drinker. Ex……………
maf
“we are only people”
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 08:15 pm (UTC)Absolutely! I've been beating this drum since my NYU days: I dreamed I saw a New York that was entirely like Washington Mews (http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~lena/photos/washingtonmews.jpg). And none of this underground compromise - we need our subways, yes we do - but a complete ban on personal automobiles, save livry, delivery, and a few specially-licensed cars (for the elderly, disabled, etc.). No more Jersey kids rolling through my neighborhood at 4:00am, blasting music and almost running over the local homeless guy; no more gas guzzling Hummers getting kicked and dinged by angry lefties in the East Village (OK, I'll kinda miss that part).
Man. This is what I love about New York, and hate about LA: New York has solutions. "Oh, I'll be home soon, New Yorkieeeeeeee..."
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 09:10 pm (UTC)p.s. that is the cutest crossing man i have ever seen.
do any of your lights have indicators counting down the number of seconds left you have to cross? i've come to rely on those. i'm a very talented pedestrian. i think because i was born in new york.
o.k. x.o. m.s.
Re: strawberry kazoo
Date: 2006-09-09 09:36 pm (UTC)What was my 1897 album again? Ah yes, "Mr Momus' Runcible Patent Song Method (By Appointment To HRH The Prince Consort)".
Glad you liked it!
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 09:39 pm (UTC)The Berlin lights don't count down in seconds. Neither do they emit birdsong, like the Tokyo ones. I suppose it would be a bit odd to hear Mr Ampelmann twitter like a bird.
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 09:42 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 10:13 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 11:17 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-09 11:20 pm (UTC)(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-10 12:21 am (UTC)Kyōto Crossings
Date: 2006-09-10 02:08 am (UTC)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryanse
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-10 05:11 am (UTC)Pshaw. There are plenty of human-on-human predators, and also when cars kill people it's usually an accident. Not to mention that cars have no actual agency.
(no subject)
Date: 2006-09-10 08:30 am (UTC)crossing and cars
Date: 2006-09-10 05:55 pm (UTC)Neil
Re: crossing and cars
Date: 2006-09-21 04:08 am (UTC)